Thursday, November 28, 2019

Is Communication Inevitable free essay sample

What is communication? There are many meanings that can be given to communication. People always give their own meaning for communication. Communication is like a double-acting hinge, swinging outward to release your own ideas and swinging inward to receive the worthy thoughts of others. (Huish,S.) Communication is the process by which a person, group, or organization transmits some type of information to another person, group, or organizations. Is communication inevitable? Communication is something that takes place every minute in our daily lives. It is very difficult for somebody to pass a day without communication. Communication can take place verbally and non-verbally; so however it happens communication is still taking place. Communication is inevitable because communication happen even if we want it to happen or not, communication must take place whether it is verbal, nonverbal or both and communication is something that places a vital role in our life. Firstly, communication is inevitable because communication happen even if we want it to happen or not. We will write a custom essay sample on Is Communication Inevitable or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Communication is something that takes place without we even noticing it sometimes. Sometime we go through things in our daily lives that discourage from communicating; no matter what we do you will have to communicate. People try to fight from communicating with others but it is really difficult. Is it possible for someone to go a day without communicating? This is really a tricky question. Communication is something that is really hard to run from. Everybody use communication in their daily life, it might not happen every minutes but eh do happen in their daily bases. Secondly, communication is inevitable because it must take place whether it is verbal, nonverbal or both. Verbal communication is the transmission of messages using words, either written or spoken. Nonverbal communication is the transmission of messages without the use of words. An example of verbal communication would be like say Hi, Bye or Hello and some example of nonverbal communication would be like waving your hand, smiling or nodding your head. Sometimes when people communicate they would  prefer to communicate both verbal and nonverbal. They find it more effective and understandable. When some people communicate using nonverbal communication the message is sometimes interpret the wrong way. Thirdly, communication is something that places a vital role in our life. Communication is something that must take place in our life. We can’t live our daily live without communicating. Communication takes place at home, school, work place and more. Communication is important, not communication is like not having a life, and you can’t live without it. Communication plays a vital role in our life because it helps us to learn, understand, and achieve different things. To conclude, communication is important and no matter what we do we can’t avoid from communicating with others. Everybody communication in their daily lives and it can happen verbally, nonverbally or both. Communication is just sending message from one person to the other. Communication is inevitable because communication happen even if we want it to happen or not, communication must take place whether it is verbal, nonverbal or both and communication is something that places a vital role in our life. Always remember that whatever you do that you can never escape from communicating with other. You will always have to communicate even though you wish not to.

Wednesday, November 27, 2019

Free Essays on Terrorized

Terrorism With all the recent very publicized and ferocious acts of terrorism in the world lately, it has had a profound impact on those of us who were detached from its ugly face. The recent events have changed the way we look at terrorism forever and in fact have shifted the codes and conventions of terrorism as a whole. The sense of victory terrorist organizations have experienced at our expense has fueled their sense of power and strengthened their forces abroad and within our own borders. Dealing with this new and powerful enemy is perhaps the biggest challenge our governments have ever faced. Terrorism has become a part of modern life. Highjackings, bombings, and assassinations throughout the world may seem like isolated attacks, but they reflect an easy reliance on violence as a way to promote social, political, and religious change. They are elements of a pervasive end followed to its most perverse conclusions. International terrorism has become the scourge of all democratic governments. These democratic governments which are accustomed to dealing within a legal structure, often find it difficult to deal with criminals and terrorists that routinely operate outside of the law. However, deterrence is just as much a part of justice as proper enforcement of the laws. Any governments that do not deter criminals inevitably spawn vigilantism as normally law-abiding citizens who have lost confidence in the criminal justice system and take the law into their own hands. A similar backlash is beginning to emerge as a result of the inability of western democracies to defend themselves against terrorists. Terrorists thrive on media exposure. Most of you have seen weeks of coverage about the most recent terrorist acts on the USA. News organizations, not only in the U.S. but all around the world have been too willing to give terrorists what they crave, publicity. On the other hand, the people of the world have a right to know what is... Free Essays on Terrorized Free Essays on Terrorized Terrorism With all the recent very publicized and ferocious acts of terrorism in the world lately, it has had a profound impact on those of us who were detached from its ugly face. The recent events have changed the way we look at terrorism forever and in fact have shifted the codes and conventions of terrorism as a whole. The sense of victory terrorist organizations have experienced at our expense has fueled their sense of power and strengthened their forces abroad and within our own borders. Dealing with this new and powerful enemy is perhaps the biggest challenge our governments have ever faced. Terrorism has become a part of modern life. Highjackings, bombings, and assassinations throughout the world may seem like isolated attacks, but they reflect an easy reliance on violence as a way to promote social, political, and religious change. They are elements of a pervasive end followed to its most perverse conclusions. International terrorism has become the scourge of all democratic governments. These democratic governments which are accustomed to dealing within a legal structure, often find it difficult to deal with criminals and terrorists that routinely operate outside of the law. However, deterrence is just as much a part of justice as proper enforcement of the laws. Any governments that do not deter criminals inevitably spawn vigilantism as normally law-abiding citizens who have lost confidence in the criminal justice system and take the law into their own hands. A similar backlash is beginning to emerge as a result of the inability of western democracies to defend themselves against terrorists. Terrorists thrive on media exposure. Most of you have seen weeks of coverage about the most recent terrorist acts on the USA. News organizations, not only in the U.S. but all around the world have been too willing to give terrorists what they crave, publicity. On the other hand, the people of the world have a right to know what is...

Sunday, November 24, 2019

The Social Side Of Japanese Baseball essays

The Social Side Of Japanese Baseball essays The Japanese have historically been adapters of ideas from other lands, and anyone familiar with Asian history knows that Japans early culture was greatly influenced by the Chinese. Advanced civilization developed much earlier in China, of course, but once the Japanese began forming their own culture, development was rapid as they sought to catch up. However, the borrowing did not stop after a foundation for ancient culture, but has continued though the present day, and has expanded to influence almost every aspect of life. After World War II, many countries were completely demolished physically and mentally. Among the countries was Japan. Countless numbers of people were dead, and land, buildings, and entire cities were destroyed. For the first time in their history, the emperor had spoken to the public, which tarnished his immortal reputation. During the postwar years, Japan looked to the major powers of the world to develop a foundation for a new country. Included in the foundation was a need for new ideas and dreams. They did not completely erase thousands of years of tradition and culture, but many international ideas were taken and transformed as had been done in the past. In the movie Mr. Baseball, a Japanese woman described the borrowing techniques. "Japan takes the best from all over the world and makes it Hers" (Welles). Included in the world powers of the time was America, and therefore, Japan borrowed several ideas from the United States. One such idea was the national pastime, baseball. Although the fine arts in Japan were based on the Chinese model, they were, nevertheless, characterized by a strong, unmistakable creative element of their own. The same phenomenon held true for baseball. The Japanese borrowed the game from America, but in developing it, they added many original touches not seen in the West. The basic game as it is played in Japan and America is the same, but the subtle and so...

Saturday, November 23, 2019

Profile of Jane Addams, Founder of Hull House

Profile of Jane Addams, Founder of Hull House Humanitarian and social reformer Jane Addams, born into wealth and privilege, devoted herself to improving the lives of those less fortunate. Although she is best remembered for establishing Hull House (a settlement house in Chicago for immigrants and the poor), Addams was also deeply committed to promoting peace, civil rights, and womens right to vote. Addams was a founding member of both the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the American Civil Liberties Union. As a recipient of the 1931 Nobel Peace Prize, she was the first American woman to receive that honor. Jane Addams is considered by many a pioneer in the field of modern social work. Dates: September 6, 1860- May 21, 1935 Also Known As: Laura Jane Addams (born as), Saint Jane, Angel of Hull House Childhood in Illinois Laura Jane Addams was born September 6, 1860, in Cedarville, Illinois to Sarah Weber Addams and John Huy Addams. She was the eighth of nine children, four of whom did not survive infancy. Sarah Addams died a week after giving birth to a premature baby (who  also died) in 1863 when Laura Jane- later known just as Jane- was only two years old. Janes father ran a successful mill business, which enabled him to build a large, beautiful home for his family. John Addams was also an Illinois state senator and a close friend of Abraham Lincoln, whose anti-slavery sentiments he shared. Jane learned as an adult that her father had been a conductor on the Underground Railroad and had helped escaped slaves as they made their way to Canada. When Jane was six, the family suffered another loss- her 16-year old sister Martha succumbed to typhoid fever. The following year, John Addams married Anna Haldeman, a widow with two sons. Jane became close to her new stepbrother George, who was only six months younger than her. They attended school together and both planned to go to college one day. College Days Jane Addams had set her sights on Smith College, a prestigious womens school in Massachusetts, with the goal of eventually earning a medical degree. After months of preparing for the difficult entrance exams, 16-year-old Jane learned in July 1877 that shed been accepted at Smith. John Addams, however, had different plans for Jane. After losing his first wife and five of his children, he didnt want his daughter to move so far away from home. Addams insisted that Jane enroll in Rockford Female Seminary, a Presbyterian-based womens school in nearby Rockford, Illinois that her sisters had attended. Jane had no other choice but to obey her father. Rockford Female Seminary schooled its students in both academics and religion in a strict, regimented atmosphere. Jane settled into the routine, becoming a confident writer and public speaker by the time she graduated in 1881. Many of her classmates went on to become missionaries, but Jane Addams believed that she could find a way of serving mankind without promoting Christianity. Although a spiritual person, Jane Addams did not belong to any particular church. Difficult Times for Jane Addams Returning home to her fathers house, Addams felt lost, uncertain about what to do next with her life. Postponing any decision about her future, she chose to accompany her father and stepmother on a trip to Michigan instead. The trip ended in tragedy when John Addams became gravely ill and died suddenly of appendicitis. A grieving Jane Addams, seeking direction in her life, applied to the Womens Medical College of Philadelphia, where she was accepted for the fall of 1881. Addams coped with her loss by immersing herself in her studies at the medical college. Unfortunately, only months after shed begun classes, she developed chronic back pain, caused by the curvature of the spine. Addams had surgery in late 1882 which improved her condition somewhat, but following a lengthy, difficult recovery period, decided that she would not return to school. A Life-Changing Journey Addams next embarked upon a trip abroad, a traditional rite of passage among wealthy young people in the nineteenth century. Accompanied by her stepmother and cousins, Addams sailed to Europe for a two-year tour in 1883. What began as an exploration of the sights and cultures of Europe became, in fact, an eye-opening experience for Addams. Addams was stunned by the poverty she witnessed in the slums of European cities. One episode in particular affected her deeply. The tour bus she was riding stopped on a street in the impoverished East End of London. A group of unwashed, raggedly-dressed people stood in line, waiting to purchase rotten produce that had been discarded by merchants. Addams watched as one man paid for a spoiled cabbage, then gobbled it down neither washed nor cooked. She was horrified that the city would allow its citizens to live in such wretched conditions. Grateful for all of her own blessings, Jane Addams believed it was her duty to help those less fortunate. She had inherited a large sum of money from her father but was not yet sure how she could best put it to use. Jane Addams Finds Her Calling Returning to the U.S. in 1885, Addams and her stepmother spent summers in Cedarville and winters in Baltimore, Maryland, where Addams stepbrother George Haldeman attended medical school. Mrs. Addams expressed her fond hope that Jane and George would marry one day. George did have romantic feelings for Jane, but she didnt return the sentiment. Jane Addams was never known to have had a romantic relationship with any man. While in Baltimore, Addams was expected to attend countless parties and social functions with her stepmother. She detested these obligations, preferring instead to visit the citys charitable institutions, such as shelters and orphanages. Still uncertain of what role she could play, Addams decided to go abroad again, hoping to clear her mind. She traveled to Europe in 1887 with Ellen Gates Starr, a friend from the Rockford Seminary. Eventually, inspiration did come to Addams when she visited Ulm Cathedral in Germany, where she felt a sense of unity. Addams envisioned creating what she called a Cathedral of Humanity, a place where people in need could come not only for help with basic needs but also for cultural enrichment.* Addams traveled to London, where she visited an organization that would serve as a model for her project- Toynbee Hall. Toynbee Hall was a settlement house, where young, educated men lived in a poor community in order to get to know its residents and to learn how best to serve them. Addams proposed that she would open such a center in an American city. Starr agreed to help her. Founding Hull House Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr decided upon Chicago as the ideal city for their new venture. Starr had worked as a teacher in Chicago and was familiar with the citys neighborhoods; she also knew several prominent people there. The women moved to Chicago in January 1889 when Addams was 28 years old. Addams family thought her idea was absurd, but she would not be dissuaded. She and Starr set out to find a large house situated in an underprivileged area. After weeks of searching, they found a house in Chicagos 19th Ward that had been built 33 years earlier by businessman Charles Hull. The house had once been surrounded by farmland, but the neighborhood had evolved into an industrial area. Addams and Starr renovated the house and moved in on September 18, 1889. Neighbors were reluctant at first to pay them a visit, suspicious about what the two well-dressed womens motives might be. Visitors, mainly immigrants, began to trickle in, and Addams and Starr quickly learned to set priorities based upon the needs of their clients. It soon became apparent that providing childcare for working parents was a top priority. Assembling a group of well-educated volunteers, Addams and Starr set up a kindergarten class, as well as programs and lectures for both children and adults. They provided other vital services, such as finding jobs for the unemployed, caring for the sick, and supplying food and clothing to the needy. (Pictures of Hull House) Hull House attracted the attention of wealthy Chicagoans, many of whom wanted to help. Addams solicited donations from them, allowing her to build a play area for the children, as well as to add a library, an art gallery, and even a post office. Eventually, Hull House took up an entire block of the neighborhood. Working for Social Reform As Addams and Starr familiarized themselves with the living conditions of the people around them, they recognized the need for real social reform. Well-acquainted with many children who worked more than 60 hours a week, Addams and her volunteers worked to change child labor laws. They provided lawmakers with information they had compiled and spoke at community gatherings. In 1893, the Factory Act, which limited the number of hours a child could work, was passed in Illinois. Other causes championed by Addams and her colleagues included improving conditions in mental hospitals and poorhouses, creating a juvenile court system, and promoting the unionization of working women. Addams also worked to reform employment agencies, many of which used dishonest practices, especially in dealing with vulnerable new immigrants. A state law was passed in 1899 that regulated those agencies. Addams became personally involved with another issue: uncollected garbage on the streets in her neighborhood. The garbage, she argued, attracted vermin and contributed to the spread of disease. In 1895, Addams went to City Hall to protest and came away as the newly-appointed garbage inspector for the 19th Ward. She took her job seriously the only paying position shed ever held. Addams rose at dawn, climbing into her carriage to follow and monitor trash collectors. After her one-year term, Addams was happy to report a reduced death rate in the 19th Ward. Jane Addams: A National Figure By the early twentieth century, Addams had become well-respected as an advocate for the poor. Thanks to the success of Hull House, settlement houses were established in other major American cities. Addams developed a friendship with President Theodore Roosevelt, who was impressed by the changes she had effected in Chicago. The President stopped by to visit her at Hull House whenever he was in town. As one of Americas most admired women, Addams found new opportunities to give speeches and to write about social reform. She shared her knowledge with others in the hope that more of the underprivileged would receive the help they needed. In 1910, when she was fifty years old, Addams published her autobiography, Twenty Years at Hull House. Addams became increasingly involved in more far-reaching causes. An ardent advocate for womens rights, Addams was elected vice-president of the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) in 1911 and campaigned actively for womens right to vote. When Theodore Roosevelt ran for re-election as a Progressive Party candidate in 1912, his platform contained many of the social reform policies endorsed by Addams. She supported Roosevelt but disagreed with his decision not to allow African-Americans to be part of the partys convention. Committed to racial equality, Addams had helped found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) in 1909. Roosevelt went on to lose the election to Woodrow Wilson. World War I A lifelong pacifist, Addams advocated for peace during World War I. She was strongly opposed to the United States entering the war and became involved in two peace organizations: the Womans Peace Party (which she led) and the International Congress of Women. The latter was a worldwide movement with thousands of members who convened to work on strategies for avoiding war. Despite the best efforts of these organizations, the United States entered the war in April 1917. Addams was reviled by many for her anti-war stance. Some saw her as anti-patriotic, even traitorous. After the war, Addams toured Europe with members of the International Congress of Women. The women were horrified by the destruction they witnessed and were especially affected by the many starving children they saw. When Addams and her group suggested that starving German children deserved to be helped as much as any other child, they were accused of sympathizing with the enemy. Addams Receives the Nobel Peace Prize Addams continued to work for world peace, traveling around the world throughout the 1920s as the president of a new organization, the Womens International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF). Exhausted by the constant travel, Addams developed health problems and suffered a heart attack in 1926, forcing her to resign her leadership role in the WILPF. She completed the second volume of her autobiography, The Second Twenty Years at Hull House, in 1929. During the Great Depression, public sentiment once again favored Jane Addams. She was widely praised for all that she had accomplished and was honored by many institutions. Her greatest honor came in 1931 when Addams was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for her work to promote peace worldwide. Because of ill health, she was unable to travel to Norway to accept it. Addams donated most of her prize money to the WILPF. Jane Addams died of intestinal cancer on May 21, 1935, only three days after her illness had been discovered during exploratory surgery. She was 74 years old. Thousands attended her funeral, fittingly held at Hull House. The Womens International League for Peace and Freedom is still active today; the Hull House Association was forced to close in January 2012 due to lack of funding. Source Jane Addams described her Cathedral of Humanity in her book Twenty Years at Hull House (Cambridge: Andover-Harvard Theological Library, 1910) 149.

Thursday, November 21, 2019

ETHICS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

ETHICS - Essay Example Capitalists and socialists have their own interpretations about ethics. These interpretations are almost same considering the ultimate goal of justice to all; but they differ in the selection of route to reach this goal. The famous political philosopher, John Rawls argued that the institutions of society must be regulated by two principles of justice; the liberty principle and the difference principle. This paper briefly analyses the two models, capitalism and socialism with respect to Rawls’ two ‘principles of justice’. Rawls’s principle of liberty argues that each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a similar system of liberty for all. Rawls’s difference principle argues that in order for any change to be accepted as an improvement, it must help the least advantaged representative person. In his opinion, social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so that it may provide greatest benefit of the least advantaged (A Theory of Justice, by John Rawls, 2005). Socialism argues for a completely classless society, where the government controls all means of production and distribution of goods. They believe this control is necessary to eliminate competition among the people and put everyone on a level playing field (Liese, 2008). When we analyze the views of socialism and the views of Rawls, we can see that both the views have similarities and differences. Socialism argues for the equal rights to all and the advocates of socialism believe that only a class less society can ensure equal opportunities to all and for that purpose, governments should have upper hand in all the matters related to the social and political life of the public. In other words, individuals have not much role in a socialist country. Rawls on the other hand argues for the liberties of the individual and the society. His liberty principle argues for democratic freedom of thought, conscience, religion

Ethical Behavior of Employee Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Ethical Behavior of Employee - Essay Example Menzel’s compliance model suggests that the employee’s conduct is regulated to spur obedience to minimum standards and legal prohibitions; what the law says, what the rules mean, and what one needs to do (Ethical Moments in Government page number). Employees must abide by the applicable rules and practices to stay out of trouble. If they break the rules, they will be subject to punishment. Punishment would be harsh to those who break the rules with willful intention and less harsh if the rules are broken due to ignorance (Menzel, â€Å"PM Plus†). In sharp contrast, Menzel’s integrity-based model is value driven, not rules driven. It combines the awareness of public service ethos, ethical standards, and legal prohibitions, as well as the process of moral reasoning to inspire exemplary actions and ethical conduct (Menzel, Ethical Moments in Government page number). Values may differ depending on the mission, leadership, incentives, awareness, education, and training, aspirations, and culture (Menzel, â€Å"PM Plus†). The employee must choose what is right and what is wrong depending on these considerations. Let us take the city manager’s ethical dilemma here. From a strict compliance point of view, the city manager has no deal with the neighboring community. A verbal agreement is not enforceable under law or under contract in such a situation. As there is no compliance-based ethical issue here, he could go back on his word with the neighboring community and accept the higher offer from his own community without violating professional ethics.

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Ifnormation security and assurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Ifnormation security and assurance - Essay Example The up to date tools and technologies provided by the information technology helped businesses to computerize and organize their business operations and consequently improve their business performance. Despite the fact that, the ideas of remote working, storage, processing and communication are not new, because in every decade we have seen a lot of developments and efforts carried out in these areas. However, at the moment we in reality see these ideas as a genuine implementation, in the form of cloud computing. Actually, the cloud services are offered by a third party. So the secret data and information of an organization are stored on the servers of that third party. In this scenario, organizations believe that there emerge a number of security issues for business organizations due to cloud computing environment. This paper discusses some of the important security issues in cloud computing. Index Terms—Cloud Computing, IaaS, SaaS, Cloud I. Introduction This paper presents a detailed analysis of cloud computing related security issues. In the past few years, the cloud computing has emerged an attractive platform which provides on-demand, reliable and expandable (as these services can be reduced or expanded depending on the organization’s needs) computing power to organizations. ... With the adoption of cloud computing the business organizations are able to get a large number of advantages such as utility computing, Virtualization, scalability, the ability to outsource data and processes, pay-per-use services and access to almost infinite computing resources (Aleem & Sprott, 2013; Dahbur et al., 2011; Hudic et al., 2013). In addition, this wide variety of affordable and consistent services have caught the attention of a large number of business organizations, which have decided to shift their business data, application or major operations of it into the cloud. In fact, the recent studies and researches conducted to determine the impact of cloud computing on business organizations show a beyond belief expansion; on behalf of more than 16% of the world software sales with a market of more than $46 billion. In fact, for the majority of business organizations cloud computing is believed to be an affordable, helpful and an appropriate choice for the reason that the a doption of cloud computing allows them to diminish the total expenditure of technology ownership. Without a doubt, cloud computing model provides a wide variety of tools and techniques to improve business productivity, however, there are certain security issues connected with the use of cloud computing. In order to take benefit of cloud computing a business organization must effectively deal with these issues (Aleem & Sprott, 2013; Dahbur et al., 2011; Hudic et al., 2013). II. Security Issues Cloud computing is an attractive information technology (IT) trend which ensures the implementation of the utility computing model broadly using Virtualization technologies. Keeping in mind the numerous advantages of cloud computing, an increasing number of business

Tuesday, November 19, 2019

How to Use Facebook Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

How to Use Facebook - Assignment Example You first need to fill out a sign-up form which needs you to enter your first and last name, address, birthday, and finally, your gender. You would be required to come up with a password and an email which you will use to log in into the Facebook account. Verify your account: once you have completed the process of creating the account, you will see a message on the newsfeed at the top of the page notifying you that an activation email has been sent to the address you signed up with. Once the account is verified, you can commence making use of Facebook. By clicking the ‘Edit Profile link which underneath your picture in the top-left corner, you can add information your Facebook accounts such as relationship status, hometown, current home, favorite quotes, religious views, and political views. Next, is reviewing your available options. This menu permits you to modify the basic privacy settings that affect your whole Facebook account. Customizing your settings can assist you to keep personal information private. This is because as a result of the social nature of Facebook, persons have a tendency of posting a lot of personal information (Harri, 2104). Enter the name, phone number of the person into the search bar and search. Click the results from the list and then click the button ‘Add friend.’ When the other person accepts the friend request, you automatically become friends (Harri, 2104). Respond to friend requests. Since you have started to use Facebook, you will also receive friend requests from other users and you can accept or decline the request. Next, to each request, you will observe the number of mutual friends you have with that particular individual. You can also like pages on Facebook. Begin by searching for musicians, artists, businesses, famous people, organizations, and more using the Facebook search bar.  

Monday, November 18, 2019

Employee relations Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Employee relations - Coursework Example The relationship at workplace can be between any person in the organization, between coworkers, between workers and their superiors, between members who are in the same management among others. In any working environment, it is mandatory for employees to share a relationship that is healthy with one another so that they can ultimate product of their input is done to their best. In any workplace, the relationship that exists between the top management and the employees are of great value. Human relations starts from the starting point of employee training, addressing the needs of the employees, fostering an employee working place culture and resolving the conflicts that arises at the working environment between employees or employees and the top management. Every individual at working place shares a particular relationship with his or her fellow workers. Human beings at places of work are not machines who begin working at the press of a mere button. The employees need fellow workers whom they can talk to and share ideas, happiness and sorrow with each other. A healthy relation of employees reduces problems of absenteeism at the places of work when there is a good relation, individuals tend to be serious and put more effort towards their work. They do not take frequent leaves and do enjoy their work and the working environment. Employees’ incidents of complaints will reduce and start giving inputs to their best. Unitarist perspective This perspective assumes that an organization is an integrated and harmonious whole that deals with ideal of "one huge happy family". Its assumption is that the top management in the organization and other staff members all share a common purpose, emphasizes cooperation and have similar set of values, objectives and interests.

Sunday, November 17, 2019

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Example for Free

Fahrenheit 451 Essay Fahrenheit 451 was written by Ray Bradbury and in this book I will be talking about on how this book is related to the theme censorship. I will be proving why censorship is related to the book. So why is the theme censorship important in the novel? Point IÂ  Censorship was a very important theme in Fahrenheit 451 in a lot of different ways one of them is since people are not allowed to read books, so that is the most extreme form of censorship that exists. So according to Montag he said I just want someone to hear what I have to say. And maybe if I talk long enough, itll make sense. This means that nobody understands him the way Clarisse does. Here is another one, so in this statement Captain Beatty says Its real beauty is that it destroys responsibility and consequences. So he is saying that books don’t open people’s minds they destroy them it doesn’t show how they learn, but we know that it’s not true, since some books do help us in life. And one very interesting fact about the book is when Ray Bradbury wrote about the book it was in the McCarthy era, and he as concerned about the censorship in the United States. So he got an idea about it and thought about it, and so Fahrenheit 451 was born. Point II In the paperback edition released in 1979, Ray Bradbury wrote a new coda for the book containing multiple comments on censorship and its relation to the novel. The coda is also present in the mass market paperback, which is still in print. At other times, Ray Bradbury explained the theme of the book differently. Bradbury observed that the novel touches on the alienation of people by media. Another thing is that this book and theme does have a message for all of us, it’s that the anticensorship message has often been cited by opponents of book banning in the United States. This means people also have to look out on what they are reading. ` Point III Another thing that I would like to point out is that the book explains on how Firemen also burn books, that there is censorship since they are using their materials not for job purposes but for just burning books. And that Captain Beatty there leader just cares about how his firemen finish the job, that another censorship since Beatty only cares about the money. Also how in one of the quotes a pointed out was when Montag wishes that he could be heard, he wishes that people can understand him better. That is another sign of censorship, you also can’t even touch a book, well you can but people say that they are scared of books, and even owning a book is illegal so this book does have a lot of censorship on it. Here is one very good statement in the book that I thought was good it was said by Captain Beatty according to him he said What traitors books can be! You think theyre backing you up, and they turn on you. Others can use them too, and there you are, lost in the middle of the moor, in a great welter of nouns and verbs and adjectives. Which is significant because he is saying that when you read books you keep on learning which is good but for Beatty it’s just nonsense and these books can turn you into something good, but for Beatty he thinks that you’ll turn into a bad influence for children. Conclusion: So all in all this is why the books main theme is censorship lots or burning books, no one can even own or touch a book and how people don’t even know if books are bad or good.

Friday, November 15, 2019

Front suspension system of motorcycle

Front suspension system of motorcycle CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 AIMS The main aim of this project is to Design and analyse of a front suspension system of motorcycle. The designing and modelling of the fork is done using Pro-Engineer (wildfire-4) and Stress analysis is undertaken by Ansys 11 softwares. 1.2 OBJECTIVES To get aware of deformations caused due to application of brakes to the fork of the front suspension system; To demonstrate detailed view of functioning of fork ; To show existence of various kind of front suspension systems used in motorcycles; Evolution of front suspension systems; To verify the benefits and the flaws of different front suspension systems, used right from the old age to modern age; To illustrate how the motorcycle keeps its balance and analyzing the factors that come into play while riding; Application of vibration modes, on suspension system of a motorcycle while riding. 1.3 INTRODUCTION TO MOTORCYCLE FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM A Motorcycle front fork connects a wheel and axle to its frame, by way of a pair of triple trees. The bike is steered by handle bars which are attached to the triple tree and also brake is provided to retard or stop the acceleration of the bike. There are loads of critical geometric parameters such as ‘Rake and ‘Trail which are establish by the fork and its attachment points on the frame, which usually play for handling and riding and dives as well during braking. Telescopic forks The term ‘Telescopic forks is defined because the tubes slide in and out of the body they are ‘Telescoping. The upper portion generally called as ‘Fork tubes (Male tubes) slides inside the fork bodies (Female tubes), which are lower part of the forks. Over more than century years of motorcycle improvement, different variety of front form arrangements have been attempted but some of them are still remain available nowadays. The most common form of front suspension for motorcycle now days are the ‘Telescopic fork Nimbus was the first manufacturer to produce a motorcycle with hydraulically damped telescopic forks in 1934.Early front suspension designs were used frames with springs. Greeves, a British manufacturer used a version of swinging arm for front suspension on their motocross design and also a single sided version suspension system is used in motor scooters such as the Vespa. Suspension system is equipped with large hydraulic shock absorbers with internal coil springs. The main work of the shock absorbers is to allow the front wheel to react to imperfections in the road while isolating the rest of the motorcycle from that motion. The Upper part (Top yoke) of the forks is connected to the motorcycles frame in triple tree clamp, which allows the forks to be turned while steering the bike. The Lower part (Bottom yoke) is fixed to the front axle around which front wheel rotates. The fork tubes should be smooth and mirrored finish, so as to seal the fork oil. Some fork tubes found on the off-road motorcycles are covered with plastic protective sleeves called as ‘Gaiters. The forks are constructed either of the conventional ‘right-side-up or sliding -female configuration, or the ‘Upside-down or Sliding -male configuration. In Both the cases, a cylindrical tube or piston sided axially within the cylindrical cylinder. Trail and Rake: ‘Trail is the measurement, on the ground, from a point which is projected through steering axis to the centre of the tyres contact patch below the axle. Trail determines the self centring stability of the steering as well. The triple clamps provide good lateral offset that the forks clear the sides of the front tyre. Usually Triple clamps are introduced to provide some measure of longitudinal offset as well, to alter the trail. Trail impacts directly on the steering stability of the motorcycle and its ‘return-to-center force. The trail is much affected by rake .Rake is defined as the angle between the vertical and steering axis. The steeper rake reduces the trail and trail itself is also affected by the longitudinal fork offset. More offset decreases the trail. The trail is also affected by axle offset. The trail increases in the case if the axle is coupled to the forks in front of their centre. Ride height: Sometimes rider desires to increase or decrease trail to change the steering feel so as to improve steering swiftness, or to eliminate high-speed shake, or to reduce a front end push. Ride height is simply defined as the forks extending up through the triple clamp. Decreasing the ride height by raising the forks farther through triple clamps in reality steepens the rake, which results in decreasing the trail. Alter in trail causes the effects to the rider to his ride height adjustments. CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW Motorcycles were first developed out of the bicycle frame, which certainly is rigid. Suspension systems were progressed over the years after critical researchers to filter out ground disturbances in more efficient ways. CHAPTER 3: 3.2 FORK FUNCTIONING: The weights are transmitted from inner tube to the outer tube or vice versa through the slider bushes which are placed between the two tubes. The bushes used for the good fork are critical because it should have a very low coefficient of friction as well as mounting tolerance. The system smoothness is totally dependent upon the friction forces developed during sliding movements as well as on the amount of stiction.The stiction is at maximum at â€Å"Moto incipiente â€Å",,When the initiation of the movement occurs between the surfaces. This stage is called as static friction. In Designing and fabrication of the slider bushes, the problem of sliding friction always stand for a weak point in the front fork of the vehicle. If we compare it, for example, to the rear suspension in which there is practically no sliding due to the displacements consists of rotations around the bearings. The suspension settings can be achieved by the stiffness of the spring, as well as the damping provided by the hydraulic part, to which is added the resistance given by the sliding friction. It is difficult to predict what the suspension behaviour operates and its proper functioning is taking cared by the availability of friction. In the design stage, limiting friction forces require that the loads on the bushes be minimized, boosting movement of the unit. When the fork is extended fully, only a small segment of the slider tube enters inside the sleeve. Hence at this stage its overlap is reduced to a minimum. This is also constitutes the least rigid configuration of the whole system. At the end of the travel, as a substitute of the fork tube overlap extreme therefore maintaining the stiffness. 3.3 FORK STRESSES AND DEFORMATIONS: Certain forces acts on the fork leg while the vehicle is in motion. Two cases can be considered which helps us to derive fork stresses as well as deformation. They are (i) Fork flexure due to vertical loads: The flexure due to vertical loads involves the stresses which act on by weight of the motorcycle plus rider. Also stresses tend to develop due to road surface irregularities such as through potholes, steps ridges, etc. Actually these stresses are considered negligible for example, If we travel in the city at The ‘Moment of flexure or ‘Bending moment is generated when the vertical load is finally applied to the wheel. The moment of flexure or bending moment gradually increases as the fork is inclined. When with the same force applied, the bending moment will reach to the maximum in the case of fork extended fully and vice versa the bending moment will be minimum with the maximum compression. Therefore the values vary as the changes occur in the arm of the force applied. The stresses are less when the slider bushes are closer to the wheel spindle and are expected to function better. When the rider passing over dip holes in the ground in the road surface, the vertical loads can attempt very high values, hence the frame structure has to be stiff enough to avoid excessive deformation and simultaneously it should have the capability to absorb all the immediate bumps whenever the suspension bottoms out. At the front end the area, steering head tube receives the heavy stress .whereas, at the rear end connecting rods as well as the shock mounting come under the greater stress. When the motorcycle is stationary, the load values that appear during normal use are two to three times as big as static loads which are normally acting on the wheels. If we consider a medium powered street bike which is kindly moving on a bumpy road with a high speed and if the wheel bounce on hole then the stress exerted on the structure may be hundred of kilos or more. Maximum load values can take place when the off-street bikes jumps and cross over the obstacles. (ii) Fork flexure due to braking force: As it is the known fact that when braking force is applied to the wheel, then it is obvious to the wheel, experiencing the deformations upon different circumstances of road. In this case, Bending will greater as the length of the fork is high. The highly noticeable point of interest is that the deformation due to vertical forces is opposite to the deformation due to the braking force. In the previous case we observed that, during braking, because of the weight transfer effect, the front load increases; i.e. there cant be a braking force without an increase in vertical load. When the brakes are applied to the bike then some strong longitudinal forces are created, giving rise to bending moment that gets stronger as it rises from the ground to the steering head tube, finally transmitted to the whole frame. The steering head tube experiences the strongest moment. The steering head tube is the point with the least depth of section, which is the major plane of stress. Due to this considerations observed, detailed research and study has undergone to give the actual design dimensions of the whole steering tube. On this part of flexure happens during the big thrust of acceleration would definitely cause trail variation. When the braking stress dies out for example; when entering a corner, there would be an annoying elastic rebound action in response. Meanwhile the rear fork doesnt experience much stress during braking as front fork does. The above two effects (i) Flexure due to vertical load as well as (ii) Flexure due to braking force will certainly oppose each other and within the deceleration range of characteristics of motorcycle, depending upon Cg height, wheel base and fork inclination. In general fork flexing during braking is not as severe as one might think. Deformation due to torsional forces: The twisting forces which derived are as follows The alignment is poor between the fork axis and equilibrium forces; The components of equilibrium forces perpendicular to the fork axis and out of alignment with it; The couple which applied by the rider to the steering head. The resultant deformation is said to be very harmful for handling because the wheel does not respond properly according to the direction of control set by the rider of the vehicle. Effect of deformation on functionality: It is clear straight away that the presence of fork deformation makes the proper sliding inside one another more complex to the point of potentially impeding it. When the bike is in motion, the deformation is at highest at most critical circumstances such as brake application and corner entry. 3.4 DIFFERENT DESIGN TYPES OF FRONT SUSPENSION SYSTEM Telescopic forks are mainly classified into two kinds which are used in practical applications in daily routine life. They are Traditional or standard which is equipped with an internal tube, the one with smaller diameter in the upper postion, fixed to the frame. Upside Down or Inverted which is equipped with internal tube in the lower position, which is fixed to the frame. The hydraulic as well as elastic fundamentals of these kinds can be simply comparable in order to know the different responses of the same motorcycle equipped with two distinct types of forks. There are some manufacturers whom have created a ‘Cartridge containing the hydraulic part which can be easily mounted onto each of the applications being tested. The first telescopic fork prototypes was designed right after the Second World War, were laid out with little attention as to whether they were in traditional or upside down form. In the sixties, the majority of the forks produced was traditional type whereas Upside down design came into the existence at the beginning of the eighties. The upside down design was popularised back into circulation of sport bike applications. Contrast between Traditional and Upside Down form of telescopic forks: Benefits of Tradional form: Less number of components, given that the wheel attachments and axle lug derive directly out of lower stanchion which also keeps weight down; Unsprung mass weight is slightly reduced; Tubes slides in areas that are more protected from bumps and dirt. Benefits of Upside down form: It has superior torsional stiffness with the same weight, where the tube has larger diameter and is positioned in upper area, which deals with greater stress from the bending moment; Strong attachment between the tubes and the triple clamps which have large tube diameters. The above comparison between the two applications says that one is absolutely better than other. So, in this case upside down layout presents more advantages in the terms of stiffness which makes ideal for some sport-oriented applications. Both the applications Traditional as well as Upside down forks are characterized by Different stiffnesss; Different weight distribution; Different values of unsprung weight; Different center of gravity heights between the steering and the ground; Different values of inertia around the steering head axis. There are some other types of unconventional fork types and can be classified into the groups. They are Swinging front fork or Pivoted; Parallelogram linkage or Girders; Straight line slider guides; Paralever linkage. a) Swinging front fork : This type of fork was especially used on the earliest bike models and it is a very simple construction solution. In practical, it reproduces the geometry of the rear fork, along with a n arm that usually rests on a fulcrum which is placed on the steering column, making the fork rotate in one piece along with the steering head. Depending upon whether the arm is compressed or extended during braking, leading link or trailing link front forks are discovered. In both the cases of the forks, the layout may be seen to be symmetrical to the head angle with two arms or it may consist of only one arm. For scooter models, Pivoted front fork suspension is adopted, but they are almost rare when coming to high performance vehicles. The main characteristics of swinging front fork suspension system are as follows. In Smoothness ,They are very smooth when the rotations are assured by rolling bearings eliminating stiction; When the matter comes to design construction, the stiffness may be better or sometimes worst. The connecting rod linkage systems have never been used to gain progressive rates; it is easy enough to obtain progressive spring rather. The inertia is high around the steering axis and the unsprung masses have moderate weights which are totally dependent upon the type of construction used for the forks If we compare both leading link as well as trailing link, it will be the great point of interest. Leading link: In mid 1950s, the world champion Moto Guzzis which are the best handling racing machines of their period, were installed with leading link. The leading link consist of a tubular or pressed steel structure which connects the steering column in the link pivots and slot in for the suspension struts. The links appear to be independent or formed by a single U-shaped loop around the back of the wheel. In the case of the links separation, their resistance to independent movement as in the type of telescopic fork, depends upon the rigidity if their attachment to the wheel. If the wheel has large- diameter spindle then it also haves large wheel bearing and the most convenient and efficient method is a loop behind the wheel and a smaller -diameter spindle. Benefits of leading fork are as follows Quality of detail design Possibility of greater rigidity. Greater stability on the fork Precise control over the steering. The lack of stiction enhances the sensitivity to the small undulations and also any degree of anti -dive under heavy braking. The wheel has precise path which usually depends on the relative heights of the wheel spindle and link pivots. Because of the curve shaped, these forks are highly unsuited for the large movements which are usually used on modern off road machines. In the leading link during braking the anti-dive behaviour can be seen. The anti dive behaviour tries to extend the suspension, in the case of application of braking force that is applied to the fork .The Anti -dive behaviour can be prevented by fixing brake calliper to a torque arm which is connected to the steering. In this case, spontaneous center of rotation may be positioned so as to create anti-dive behaviour. Trailing link: The trailing link differs from that of leading link in many ways like the link pivots of the wheel spindle are ahead, not behind. The demerit of this kind of fork is higher steering inertia, since the bulk of the mass is relatively far from the steering axis, which has an effect that partially offset by the smaller amount of material required to reach the pivots. In the trailing link during braking, the pro-dive effect occurs which is quite similar to the traditional fork .In this case as well brake torque arm will be introduced along with fixing brake callipers in order to get the proper effect when braking. b) Parallelogram linkage or Girders: Girder forks are widely used now a days which is also considered for their excellent steering. Due to friction dampers, the performance was generally limited and very crude by current hydraulic standards. The links which operates the suspension system were short and due to this kind of forks are very much suitable for small amount of suspension movement. One of the forks namely Vincent â€Å"Girdaulic† was most sophisticated. It consists of light -alloy blades and one-piece upper as well as lower link assemblies. The trail for this fork was readily adjustable. Springs were adjusted in the long telescopic tubes, behind the uprights, but the hydraulic damper was separate, mounted in front of the head stock. The lateral stiffness was boosted by a plate which will bridge the front of the blades. Hydraulic damping is employed against suspension movement and also to damp out steering excursions, a damper was used. The most recently released linkage designs comes under this category. The main characteristics of the parallelogram linkage are as follows The smoothness of the fork is outstanding, since sliding friction is substituted by rolling friction i.e. Sliding movements are kindly replaced by rotations around the roller bearings; It has got adequate amount of stiffness enhanced by the design construction; The progressive rate of the suspension can be incorporated; The trajectory control is excellent which is highly dependent on type of fork used. It is possible to have different types of wheel trajectories with the help of parallelogram linkage system. The trajectory can be considered perpendicular to the ground, maintaining the same wheel base, or to obtain certain degree of anti-dive it may be inclined forward, in the beginning phrase. The trail control is good. In this case, it is highly possible to create constant trail geometry with varying travel .It can be increased or decreased according to riding behaviour of the vehicle. Depending upon the fork design, the unsprung weigh could be less but the net weight of the suspension remains constant. The most popular design solutions used in automotive industry are as follows Solution (a): In this type of solution, the fork legs are allowed longer along with mounting brake callipers. Like single sided rear fork, the links that hold the wheel can also be asymmetrical. The steering is controlled by positioned links. Solution (b): It is rarely employed and characterized by high steering masses and substantial inertia, less bulk and steering control is high. Section (c): This type is rarely employed. The leg length is reduced to make large wheel travel. Kinematic loads will be large with such a short fork legs. Solution (d): This kind of solution is generally employed for light motorcycles and has been introduced right after the Second World War. The steering control is good but it imposes limits on the steering mass size and on trajectories available to the wheel. Because the links are located at certain altitude, the stresses on the links due ot the forces are very tough. Solution (e): This kind of solution has been introduced in most advanced applications. In general, it unites all the advantages offered by girder solutions. When it comes to design of the fork, it experiences some drawbacks in the terms of the looks. The horizontal arms have to be long enough to allow the wheel to be steered. Due to this factor, it could be a strong limit the maximum steering angle value, which usually restricting the use of this solution to the street bikes. The links controls the steering; offering the possibility to position the shock absorber in areas that make the mountings powerful and fabrication is easy. Through connecting rod system, the steering control may be easily constructed. Solution (f): This solution is quite similar to the solution (e), but it does not allow offset of the wheel with respect to the steering head axis or zero offset. Due to the large diameter bearings in order to house the steering kingpin, the wheel hub center becomes complicated. (c) Straight -line slider guides: Straight-line slider guides are especially regarded by the same geometry as the rear fork when speaking about the controlling the trajectory of the point O point and trail are concerned. Practically, the cylindrical slider is replaced by a straight line slider but of rolling type. The classic shock absorber is represented as the damping element in this case, while rolling guide bearings are similar to ones used for highly developed mechanical machining work. The Advantages of Straight-line slider guides are as follows à ¼ It enhances better smoothness; à ¼ It hails limited play as well as has got good stiffness; The limitations of straight-line slide guides are as follows The main problem is difficulty in positioning the two disc brakes Asymmetry-it gives rise to bothersome moment around the steering axis. (d) Paralever linkage This type of solution is generally considered as a corrupted parallelogram linkage system because, the upper linking bar is missing and also the suspension function is done by a slider derived from intermediary part that becomes a sort of fork. Advantages of paralever linkage system are as follows: The sliding motion in this case is simpler when compare it to standard fork The transmission ratio is 1:1 in this case as the steering is directly connected to the tubes. Limitations of Paralever linkage are as follows: It is more mechanically complex than a traditional fork and generally bulky due to the presence of horizontal arm. (e) Mechanical anti-dive system: In the field of racing, mechanical anti-dive type fork systems have been introduced to limit their tendency to front end dive. In this case, By means of a series of links, the braking force sustained by the brake calliper is transferred to the chasis, opposing its tendency to dive. The mechanical anti-dive system has been not recognised universally because of the following problems incurred. Making of brake callipers is difficult in this case which mounts rigid enough, with possible braking power loss and aswell as formation of micro-vibrations. The systems weight is high Moment of inertia is increased over the steering masses Less amount of effort have made in vehicles handling. (f) Hydraulic anti-dive system: Mechanical anti dive system has been replaced by hydraulic-anti system. Hence they are increasingly rare. The hydraulic anti-system is totally based on the hydraulic braking usually when the brakes are applied, by blocking the passages. When the hydraulic brakes are made too strong thus it becomes difficult to absorb small irregularities in the road surface, especially during the complex way of entering the corner of the road. CHAPTER 4: STRAIGHT LINE MOTION The topic straight line motions deals with How the motorcycle keeps its balance analyzing the factors that come into play which can simply help the rider to maintain the motorcycle in a vertical and stable position while travelling. The factors that are responsible for maintaining the straight line motion path are Inertia effects Gyroscopic effects Righting effects. 4.1 INERTIA EFFECTS The product if mass multiplied by the velocity of a body gives the quantity of motion of the body. Due to greater value of this is, the less influence external forces will have on trajectory. For example, lets assume that a motorcycle is travelling at high speed such as 100km/h then the vehicle also attains a velocity of 10 km/h perpendicular to the original trajectory as shown in fig a. If the motorcycle moves at slower speed of 10km/h, then the same component velocity influenced by the gust of wind brings variation in the direction of travel as shown in fig b. Hence as the velocity increases, small directional variations orthogonal to original direction will bring smaller angular variation. Therefore, now we can state that the greater the forward velocity, the more difficult is to move the vehicle from its initial straight-line trajectory. The same concept can be applied to mass like heavier a body is; the more it resists changes to its speed and direction. In the figure, Vint = initial velocity Vres = resultant velocity dV = variation in velocity ÃŽ ± = angular variation in velocity. 4.2 GYROSCOPIC EFFECTS: When every time a body spins rapidly on its axis and simultaneously is to set into rapid spin around a second axis is referred as gyroscopic effects or a moment that eventually acts around a third axis perpendicular to the other two. In routine life, gyroscopic effects can be seen for example, a spinning of bicycle wheel in between ones hands illustrates gyroscopic effect. If the wheel is set to keep axially parallel to it and raise and lower the wheel straight up and down then we can notice no opposing action on our hands. Hence it can be said that the opposing vertical force is needed to perform the action will never be more than the weight of the wheel itself. Now in the next trial if the axis of the wheel is turned in clockwise motion around vertical axis, as if we were holding the steering handlebars. In this case, we will notice that our arms are affected by a couple that tends to rotate them around the longitudinal axis. From the following experiment, certain conclusions can be drawn Gyroscopic effects will be more when the wheel rotates faster The intensity of the reaction will differ obviously, if the axis is tilted faster or slower. 4.3 RIGHTING EFFECTS: The parameter righting effects is profoundly influenced by the geometrical characteristics of the steering unit of the motorcycle. The correct combination of these factors gives positive results for the awareness of stability. Righting effects can be depend upon the following phenomenons Steering axis Rake angle (Castor) Trail 4.3.1 Steering axis: Regardless of structure of motorcycle suspension they are characterized by a front wheel suspension by a front wheel steering, because front wheel is free to rotate around the axis which is called as steering axis. In general, the steering axis in the bicycles is referred as Head angle and is measured clockwise from the horizontal when viewed from right hand side. A 90 ° head angle would be vertical. For example a 2007 Filmore, which was designed for the track with a head angle, varies right from 72.5  ° to 74  °, depending upon frame structure and size. 4.3.2 Rake angle: In the case of front suspension, it is very easy to identify steering axis especially in the telescopic fork because the steering axis coincides with the axis of the guide bearings inside the slider around which the fork rotates. This steering axis is present in all automotive type suspensions is inclined with respect to the vertical angle known as Rake angle. Rake angle is measured usually in degrees from zero. Inclination of rake angle (ÃŽ µ): If we increase the angle of the steering axis then we should also increase the value of trail. Usually the steeper the inclination of the rake angle, the motorcycle tends to be more stable directionally. Some grand prix bikes meant for competitive or sports oriented uses smaller rake angles such as little as 21 ° rake angle. custom made bikes have modified a steeper rake angle beginning from 28 ° and reaching 40 °. 4.3.3 Trail: The Trail of the front suspension system is defined as the distance between the point of intersection of the axis with the ground and the contact point of the front wheel w

Thursday, November 14, 2019

Albergo Diffuso: An Alternative Form of Hospitality Essay -- Tourism

The defining features of the albergo diffuso. â€Å"Like a holiday apartment, an albergo diffuso allows travellers to join in village life, but the bonus is that it offers the basic services of a hotel† (Williams, 2010). In order to gain a full comprehension of the new concept, some of the salient features of this phenomenon must first be discussed. To be able to earn its name, an albergo diffuso hotel is required to meet several criteria. First, the initiative should come from within the community and a hotel must use existing buildings and local workforce. Second, the minimum number of rooms required is seven; they all should be located within 200 meters from each other. Third, the area must have some minimum services offered, such as a restaurant, a grocery store, a pharmacy. Last, local residents should be part of the experience: it's their open and welcoming attitude that makes a guest's stay memorable (Dichter). In addition, an albergo diffuso hotel must retain unique local touch to differentiate itself from uniform accommodations. Dall'Ara insisted on recovering the origins of a local culture and preserving a strong sense of place. Being a part of the historic centre, abandoned buildings gain new life and naturally stand out from traditional and boring style of cookie cutter structures (Fortney-Schneider, 2011). For example, the countryside in the Marche region offers the traditional Italian village lodging, while the town of Matera features unique grottoes-type hotel rooms with atmosphere of a typical twentieth century cave dwelling. The renovations in each village carefully preserved detailed period decor to ensure the guests have a truly authentic experience and enjoy the sense of ease and tranquility of the bygone times (... ...â€Å"Saving Towns by Filling Rooms† by Gizela Williams that appeared in the May 2010 issue of The New York Times (New York Edition). A featured article from blog community insidersabroad.com. Valerie Fortney-Schneider More Than a Mere Hotel: Albergo Diffuso is a Welcome Alternative October 2011 the brochure The innovation â€Å"Albergo Diffuso Developing Tourism Through Innovation and Tradition†. IDEASS Italy www.ideassonline.org by Giordano Dichter a research paper â€Å"Albergo diffuso† concept as a new offer in rural area. Pavlo Ruzic, Marinela Dropulic. Institute of Agriculture and Tourism, Porec a case study â€Å"A typical Italian phenomenon: The â€Å"albergo diffuso† Marco Confalonieri, Inoversita Cattolica del Sacro 2010 Tourism Management database a January 2012 article by Amà ©lie Racine titled â€Å"Albergo Diffuso: An alternative form of hospitality† from tourismintelligencego.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Fashion Letter (informal) :: essays research papers

What is fashion? Is it the way you walk? The way you style your hair? Your attitude? One of the most common things I think of when I think of fashion is clothing. I think the media has somehow imbedded this in my mind! I thought that it would help me if I looked up what fashion is in the dictionary for this letter. It said that fashion is â€Å"The mode of dress, manners, living.†. That’s a lot broader than what I thought!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  When I first wanted to go to Banting, my older sister, Claire, said that some of the students there were very shallow and that they judge you by what brand name clothing you are wearing, but I disagree. Banting has a wide variety of clothes and fashions and although brand name fashions are one small category, it certainly isn’t the dress code for Banting AT ALL. Many senior girls, I noticed, like the look of black eye make up. Not the whole Goth look, but there are a few Goths at Banting.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Juniors are different. I find that the girls have pretty simple fashion, but the boys tend to wear baggy clothes. That is totally understandable since they are very confortable and they do make the boys look bulkier. I also think it is just an image of looking tough they are trying to create as well through big clothes, which goes way back. It is obvious that some of the girls also like this idea of clothing as well. I wear some baggy pants sometimes and I have seen lots of junior and senior girls do it too.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Another type of clothing I tend to see everywhere is clothing with logos on them. There are so many of them that I can’t remember most of them. Why does everyone where this clothing, and why do stores want you to wear this clothing? The only reason why students wear this clothing is probably because they like it, but stores really want you to wear their clothing as well so that the logos can them to advertise their stores. My mother told me at one point when she was a child that stores used to give away these shirts as an attempt to do this as well, and that is where the original idea came from.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  I really like the fashion at Banting, not just because of the clothes, but because there is no peer pressure behind it.

Tuesday, November 12, 2019

Sociology Couples and Equality Paper

Sociology – Using material item B and elsewhere, assess the view that roles and relationships among couples are becoming more equal. To assess equality between couple's roles within a family over time we must comprehend power distribution and human psychology that exists within a couple's relationship. We must do this in order to understand why each role has been distributed between the two partners the male and the female.And henceforth between comparison of older studies and newer studies we can derive a pattern of progression or regression in the equality among couples. One of the roles that have been distributed between couples is household chores. Ann Oakley, a feminist (1975) came to the understanding that the housewife, a socialised role, was created by industrialisation. She discovered this when she researched middle and working class couples and their scale of equality; working class participants had less equality on average compared to middle class participants.This occurred as the higher the class the higher you are in the power hierarchy and those with power had the ability to make a better life for themselves and the people they cared about. The better the life the healthier the relationship, caused by positive and cooler mind sets, which then leads on to joint conjugal roles where neither partner wants to upset the happiness that exists between them. Also in the higher classes friendship circles are very close were all the husbands would socialise together and so would the wife's leading to joint conjugal roles Bott (1957).The working class participants as mentioned before had little equality even though the men could make the difference by refreshing otherwise standard attitudes of ignorance and influence of â€Å"the housewife†. The housewife being the idea that childcare and housework are defined as female roles (Item B). The power hierarchy triangle , using my chained analysis, can be used as a life standard scale then also a hea lthy relationship scale then furthermore an equality scale were on average there is small equality.To criticise Ann Oakley she did not assess the difficulty of paid work for men in those times as men did have to endure a large amount of responsibility when undergoing mental and physical tasks, when using emotional influence to excel their career and to say the least making sure his family didn’t end up on the streets (welfare and benefits were minuscule). This research if done could tip the scales of equality in this era. Also in those times women didn't expect to be treated equally the idea of the housewife was passed down from mother to daughter in order for their daughter and her children after to be able to excel in the class system.So can we really criticise the inequality that men created if the teaching of being the housewife were being passed down by women. Newer studies of the household chore from the British social attitudes survey (1997) showed an increase in the e quality between husband and wife where men would contribute to domestic work; march of progress. But all the same the men are still the minority when it comes to the most responsible figure in the household. Which suggests the ideology of the housewife is still present and so the symmetrical family is still an idea society is fighting for; old habits die hard.In comparison of both research studies I see that the idea of the housewife is still present hindering the chances of equality/the symmetrical family. But equality between couples has developed/progressed as we see men are taking part in more domestic work/household chores. The second type of role that takes part within the family is childcare. Boulton (1983) wrote a book â€Å"On Being a Mother† and it discusses how men do look after the children but in their own benefits and didn't actually take primary responsibility.In example a mother would need help looking after the children as she had a huge amount of domestic wo rk to tend to so the father would take the children out for ice cream the mother would never be able to do that because she's always busy and the father gets to go out for pleasure. In this case the children spend time with the father not because the father has the responsibility but because the mother, the primary carer, could not tend to them and in the end the father gets to enjoy his time while the mother is at home putting the family above herself.There's a vast amount of inequality between the segregated couples which regresses the idea of the symmetrical family. Ferri and smith (1996) had a similar study but on a vast scale and the found that there was hardly any equality between couples in contributing to family roles as the father would have he easier tasks and the women would be the labour in the household. They also found that if women contributed to putting bread on the table they would still have to contribute to the domestic labour as much as any other women as if it w ere a privilege to be able to go out and work.This also contributing to the idea that equality between couples has regressed as the large majority of the data concludes that women are overworked by men. Decision making is the third role that is dispersed between the partners and we find that men usually make larger decisions while women keep to the smaller ones which involve their domestic work. Edgell (1980) found that men made decision on 3 areas that were important to both partners: moving house, finance and cars. While the women would make decision that was important but weren't seen as important to both partners e. tonight's diner, shopping for food, children's clothing etc. Due to the unappreciative attitudes each partner gave to the smaller but frequent tasks women undertook the man was considered as the power house where all decisions of and for the household were made. Understanding this we can see that equality could not progress because both partners are lead to believe t hat the smaller more frequent tasks are insignificant causing regression in equality between couples. Backing this statement is the second part of Edgell’s study was half the men and women said equality was a bad thing.We could assume that the man was taking lead on the decision and influencing the wife but most likely they saw each other as incapable of preforming their â€Å"set† tasks. Although there are criticisms of Edgell's study coming from another feminist NB Davis (1991) and she has experienced the idea that women can use their abilities of persuasion and power to manipulate and even undermine men's' power. If thought about the hypothesis is valid but there is no study to back that statement how do we know that women only accept their social status so they can sway the power in their direction.This study was 10 years later and we now have the understanding that women are capable of tipping the power distribution in their favour which may not be the best way to insure equality but it is effective. Even though this occurs I don't think most women have the capability of subtly controlling men to the point were they have the power and control within the relationship or equal to so I still stand on saying there is a regression in equality between couples. Pahl (1993) in research on the role of finance, the forth role, in a family found the men dominated in controlling the finances of the house.He found that if both couples were in paid work the man controlling the finances were more common and in the least likely of cases only one of the couples would work and that one would control the finances again most likely the man. We see an emerging pattern of men dominance in any case which regresses the idea of equality in distribution of domestic roles. But Pahl's study did find equality between men and women in managing the finances (a quarter of the results) which in comparison with industrial times the amount is pretty high as women were expecte d not to work at all and never to manage finances.So we can actually derive that there has been a progression, however slow, in the equality of men and women. In criticism men are naturally better at mathematics then women it is known in education that boys usually achieve higher in Maths while women usually excell in English so it can't just be based on the idea that men dominate the important tasks of the family linking in with decision making. The fifth but one of the most influential roles for men is the career role â€Å"someone to put bread on the table†. Martins and Roberts (1984) found that men are more likely to take part in domestic labour if the women worked full time. More likely† is an indication that even though the women took the role of the man would still be disinclined to take the responsibilities of the woman (54%). Women found it much harder to start and grow a career (Item B) so you would think men would have enough understanding and sympathy for th e majority to help out but it wasn't the case. Their second part of the research found that 74% of part time working women took full responsibility for domestic labour. This indicates very low levels of equality in this point in time.To argue Gershuny (1982) found that on average hours spent on conjugal roles for women was less of that of men if the man was in full time work. In older times on average more men were in full time work than women we would see that men's argument of equality would be better weighted than women. Sulvian (1996) found that most men spent their free time socialising and relaxing while women spent most of their free time to housework. This point could tip the scales to show balance between men and women on hours spent on conjugal roles; but it really depends on your point of view.Some people would argue that â€Å"a women's work is never done† because they want to create a perfect home not because they need to. I my opinion women do their work out of good will and because of this progression to the symmetrical family may be hindered. I derived this as women would be less likely to share their conjugal roles with the incapable domestic workers, men. Even with this is sight I see progression in equality amongst couples as Hardill el al (1997) found different data to Martin and Roberts (1984) but found evidence of joint decisions and some movements of equality.On time based judgements I say that career based roles in contribution to conjugal roles between couples are becoming more equal; as we see an emergence in joint decisions and shared labour. The sixth and darkest side of the family is the emotion and violence role. Duncombe and Marsden (1995) found evidence to construct the triple shift theory were in the most unequal situation women would do the domestic labour be in full employment and use their emotional capabilities to create a stable and happy family.Their research shows that undertaking the role of emotional work is a g reat responsibility as you must not only understand yourself but the rest of the family too. Not only that because the children are too young to see the problem and, research shows, the father denies it the women gets singled out. Which leads to the inescapable situation: the women out of good will try to make sure her family see the problem and because of that she is exposed to domestic violence.Dobash and Dobash (1979) found that out of 137 women 25% of them would receive beatings for poor behaviour. This occurred as they found the power relationship in marriage is unequal between the couples which then affects the later generations understanding of violence within the household due to visual socialisation. They also found that women were incapable of leaving their husbands due to financial dependence so again we find an inescapable situation were women are the victims. If we work through 1979 to 1995 we find that women found 2 escape routes to equality.One was to gain financial d ependence to start careers from young ages and not falling into this oppressed cycle (evidence being Item B â€Å"current high levels of divorce†). The other lead into the second oppressed cycle. By looking at this research and understanding the scientific principle of natural selection women have learnt to avoid violence/physical confrontation by becoming skilled in working with people’s emotions. Women may not always fall into the second cycle of oppression depending on their skill in emotion and the characteristics of each of the family members.These two routes may not always lead to equality but they lead to greater equality than that of the past showing a progression in equality amongst couples in society. Evaluating these different domestic roles I have found one conclusion on the equality between couples and its course. The symmetrical family is a feasible idea but time has taken its toll and partnerships continue to be unequal (Item B) but with time and underst anding of this situation we can progress. In the role of household chores we found slow but gaining rogression in the equality amongst couples most likely caused by guilt as it takes time for the reality to sink in to unravel ignorance and primary socialisation. In the role of childcare we see that regression in equality between couples is predictable as the father likes to take the easy way out not seeing or denying the problem the mother gets singled out (against fun). So really in this situation the father is the individual that needs to get the progression of equality motor running.In the role of decision-making we have seen regression in equality amongst couples this was caused by both partners inability to change for the better were both partners deny the significance of smaller but frequent tasks. In the role of finance we discover that progression is there as men are allowing women to take on careers they are more accepting to the idea of women managing their own finances an d in comparison with other roles this one has most progression in equality. In the role of the â€Å"bread winner†/careers we see an equal amount of progression as that of finance for the same reason (constant reminders of capability).In the role of emotions and violence work we derive with understanding that equality is progressing as women were able to grow and overlook their past. With this understanding women are able to show the error in men’s ways and with time ignorance and highly gendered division of labour (Item B) will be a thing of the past and socialisation will work for equality amongst couples. With that being said and the rest of the assessment being considered I can say that roles and relationships amongst couples are becoming more equal because of women.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Health care in America Essay

Healthcare in America is seemingly, chronically an issue of finances. Whether or not the hospital has it or the family of an ill patient has it, it becomes prudent to note that without the country’s currency rubbing the right palms, healthcare becomes an issue, especially for the financially strapped family. Lack of finance equals care-giver burden. Purpose of the Analysis In the following pages care-giver burden will be addressed using five peer-reviewed articles. The articles are in design stressing the issue of guilt and depression when a family decides they don’t have the time or the money to keep a loved one at home and must face putting them in a care facility (Sanders article Shouldering the Burden of Care). Other articles address the issue of keeping a family member at home (child) and the upkeep cost that entails such as home health aid cost, medications, or leaving a job (Wilson, Leslie S. et al. The Economic Burden of Home Care for Children with HIV and Other Chronic Illnesses). Also, the review of patient care for nurses and the burden of lack of authority in administration this presents is another form of care-giver burden (Welchman, Jennifer & Glenn G. Griener, Patient Advocacy and Professional Associations: Individual and Collective Responsibilities). There is also the gender role burden between husband and wife when one is sick and has to be taken care of and the other one lives a full active lifestyle and the issue here is burden of responsibility (King, K. M. & PM Koop, The Influence of the Cardiac Surgery Patient’s Sex and Age on Care-Giving). There are many facets to unravel in the primary care system but for this paper, care-giver burden is the primary concept in terms of money, guilt and love. Antecedents Most care-giving authority is given to nurses; both in a hospital setting and during stay at home cases. The preceding concept or the patient is its important to have a strong trusting relationship with the care-giver in order for them to feel more comfortable and also feel their issues and concerns are being heard. If the patient does not feel comfortable then the care-giver burden becomes apparent in scowling-unreceptive-to-therapy patients. However, in Welchman and Griener’s article, Patient Advocacy and Professional Associations, a rising concern over nurses’ burden when taking care of patients begins to be seen, â€Å"†¦nurses are being taught to be patient advocates and both nurses and patients are the worse for it. The nursing profession’s redefinition of the nurse’s role from loyal handmaid to patient advocate in the 1980s was supposed to protect patients by empowering nurses to think and act autonomously in their dealings with other health professionals. Individual nurses have been burdened with a responsibility that most professions assign†¦to their professional associations. It is not a responsibility that individuals can readily fulfill. Unless or until the duty of advocacy is taken off the shoulders of individual nurses and returned to the professional bodies that represent them, nurses and patients will continue to suffer unnecessarily†(2005). The nurses role in patient care involves everything a patient needs or may potentially need (feeding, bathing, bathroom visits, company) and each of these duties cannot be accomplished without proper support from family/administration, and without this support and the lack of performance in a nurse’s duty a patient will lapse in trust. This is the contention in the make-up of care-giver burden; nurses cannot fulfill their role to maximum potential without the backing of the hospital rules. In the area of patient care and the burden of care giving an interesting side note that should be considered is in the study done by King and Koop which involves a closer look at patient care with the influencing variables of sex and/or age. In their study they revealed that female patients relied on their spouse less than the male counterpart. Also, female care-givers were more often employed outside the home than male care-givers giving rise to a staggering believe of job importance and detachment for men in home care situations. As mentioned in the opening statement, the pivotal issue of care-giver burden is that of money. If a household is not sufficiently funded then the burden of caring for loved-ones either by oneself or with the assistance of an aid, the stress and strain is very detrimental. In Wilson et al. ’s study of patient care for ill and HIV children the stats for financing reflects a tremendous burden, â€Å".. in-home care for ill children (ranging from approximately $19,000 to $36000) is higher than that of hiring caregivers for healthy children (approximately $10,000)† (2005). This burden is further emphasized for the family if they are not equipped to pay a professional care-giver and are dependent upon themselves for such care; this issue raises the other issues of job attendance (some families pass up promotions, decline extra working hours, or quit their jobs entirely in order to care for the ill which makes the financial burden that much more potent). Further in Wilson et al. ’s study they reveal the numbers involved in American care-giver homes, â€Å"It is estimated that 10% to 18% of US children (6 to 10. 8 million children) are chronically ill. According to our cost estimates, the total value of care ranges from $155 to $279 billion per year†(2005). This number is daunting and almost in realms of infinite thought with regards to cost analysis. Consquences The burden is twofold for the nurse and the patient. As Welchman and Griener state in a final cul-de-sac, â€Å"Advocacy for improvements in access to and deliver of health care is best viewed as a collective responsibility of health professions owed to society as a whole, not as the sole province of individual practitioners†(2005). In the case of gender roles playing out in the care-giver burden the consequence is this: dependence is a potential burden to the spouse whose in need of not only assistance in daily routines (bathing, eating, etc) but in companionship. The findings of King and Koop suggest that a patient’s gender has relevance to the availability of home-based care (King & Koop, 1999). The potential cost of in home health care is a care-giver burden as well as a patient burden. The weight stressed here is not one that is easily remedied. When put into perspective the cost is much more than money but also wavers on emotional stress to the care-giver and patient when the care-giver’s stresses are known to the patient. Such stresses as highlighted above are job attendance, quitting a job, and the issue of time spent with a patient as opposed to time spent with other members of a family. As Sanders states in Shouldering the Burden of Care, in which one family is analyzed, â€Å"Faced with her mother’s inevitable decline, she wonders whether she should continue to care for her in her home. But the more important question is, can she? † (2005). Defining Attributes This is the main point of care-giver burden: when faced with a choice of sending the patient to a nursing home, or institute where they can possibly be better attended to, should the family send the patient/family member away, or should they endure? The potential for this question to raise a respite for patient care or to give into the burden of home-health care is pertinent in its prospective view of burden. The relationship between care-giver burden and money is inseparable. The high-cost measurement presented in the Wilson study harkens to the reality of facts and numbers involving patients and their estimated cost of care per year in this country, and when a job is lost or sacrificed for the benefit of the patient the new stress becomes where will the money come from for the upkeep of home health care? Empirical Referents In the area of money, and of authority it is to nurses who are the advocates of the patient in the hospital that studies should be turning. If they are allowed to be sufficient leaders then the trust between them and patient is strong. In an at home environment the dangers of lack of funds arise and the emotional stress on family members and spending time with each other (either children, wife, or husband) and the noncompliance from other family members in putting the patient/loved-one in a home can be daunting. The care-giver burden here is clear. When a family member who isn’t equipped physically or professionally to take care of the ill, then an alternative way must be found and is found with nurses, and the high cost of in-home care. Relationship The defining features of care-giver burden, that of cost, and guilt bears a close relationship to euthanasia. In both cases the issue of money, guilt and pain arise and are handled usually with the confidence of a nurse. A nurse aids a family in decision making for both in-home care or euthanasia. In the relationship between the two concepts it is the burden of the patient on the family emotionally and financially that a decision is made: to either keep them at home or send them away, to either keep them on a ventilator or pull the plug.

Stairway to Heaven Analysis

Stairway to Heaven† is a song that appears to have a little bit of everything that one would look for in music. Although it is greatly varied with many tempos and rhythms, it still produces a sound that people find enjoyable and among the most popular. As mentioned before, â€Å"Stairway to Heaven† can be divided into a number of sections. The first section lasts for about the first two minutes of the song. In this section, the dynamic Is piano-like and the tempo is quite slow, ranging from largo to adagio.An acoustic guitar plays a phrase that Is repeated and continued as lead anger Robert Plant begins his vocals about fifty seconds Into the song. An electric guitar then changes the tune which Is repeated In a strophic form manner and also with an adagio tempo. In total, this slow-moving section lasts for about four minutes. The second section of the song begins with the introduction of drums to accompany the electric guitar and vocals. This section is faster than the f irst, having a moderator tempo.The previous tune is still played albeit with some variation and a more lively sound. This includes the vocals, which also move faster with the instruments and sing a variation of the first section's vocals. There is still a strophic form contained in the second section, although the chorus is represented by the instruments rather than singing. About five and a half minutes into the song, the rhythm and melody of the song changes again. This next section contains no vocals, only the sounds of electric guitar and drums.A guitar solo played In an allegretto-allegro form dominates the section, which Is somewhat syncopated In the first half. The second half of the section is more organized. With a rondo form presented as BACKED and played by two electric guitars. In addition, the dynamic has dramatically changed from the beginning; it is no longer a soft rhythm but more similar to a mezzo forte dynamic. The final section of the song brings back vocals and a much faster tempo than the previous sections.The guitar now plays a hard rock phrase that repeats itself in the background of the vocals. The guitar and vocals go back and forth in ABA form for about forty seconds. Then, in the closing seconds of the song, one guitar plays a flowing phrase while another accompanies It with Its win tune until the last line of the song Is sung In a slow and soft tempo. The song Is composed of several forms. One Is strophic form; while not having a textual chorus, the song contains an Instrumental phrase that acts like a chorus in the first half of the song.There are also many rhythm for more than a couple of minutes. For all the sections of the song, there is polyphony among the vocals and instruments. Robert Plant sings his lines as if they were independent of the guitars, only being consistent with the pace but not the withy or pitches. The sections of the song, though vastly different, tend to transition to each other very well. The guitar is res ponsible for providing a bridge to each section, quietly changing the tempo and tune in between sections.The song is entirely in duple meter. This is easier to tell in the first couple sections of the song, where the guitar plays one quarter note after another in an adagio tempo. It is also in major form, especially the last sections. Although the first half of the song is slow and soft, it would still be insider to be in major mode based on the definition of the major key in the Western world. The beat of the song is hardly present in the first half because of the soft notes of the acoustic and electric guitar.However, as the transition from acoustic to hard rock is made, the beat's presence is greatly felt during the guitar solo and the last section of the song. Guitar and drums are the dominant instruments used in the song. It contains both acoustic and electric guitar, not often seen in songs from the sass-ass. The drums are only present in the second half of he song, and its in troduction signaled the transition from alternative to rock. The acoustic guitar is played during the intro to set up the rhythm for the song and is continued during the first vocal lines.This paves the way for the electric guitar to play a different tune with the same quiet feel. Then, during the second section, it gets faster and begins to sound more like a rock song. As it goes on, it changes tempo and rhythm and is eventually played fast and with passion. In addition, one is able to determine which notes the guitar will play as it is more organized than the earlier parts of the song where it was playing all different notes with different pitches and tempo.